Ethical Framework - 1199 Words

Running Head: EITHICAL FRAMEWORK Ethical Framework Grand Canyon University: NRS437V June 14, 2010 Ethical Framework As a professional health care worker, the implication confidentiality breach regarding ethical dilemmas are significant to nurse and patient. The information disclosed can cause problems on a personal and professional level. Breach of confidentiality occurs when the heath care work discloses the patient s medical or personal information without the patient s informed written or verbal consent. Confidentiality is needed between the nurse and the patient to maintain a good open and honest relationship between both parties. There are several ethical implications regarding breach of confidentiality, for example,†¦show more content†¦However, the situation was a catch 22 as Andrea s trust in nursing would be broken. Without viewing the episode, I believe Andrea was most affected by the decision for nurse Hathaway to inform the school of the sex parties and Andrea s participation. This is where I believe nurse Hathaway broke the ethical principle of veracity. The registered professional nurse, in facilitating the ethical decision-making process, can utilize different frameworks and models [through steps] (NYSNA, 2011). An alternative to address the ethical issue, the nurse must first identify the issue at hand. Andrea, who was a minor, was diagnosis with cervical cancer and upon completion of her assessment it was also noted that Andrea was a participant in sex parties. The ethical dilemma lies in whether the nurse should break confidentiality to inform her parents of the medical findings and the subjective information given by Andrea. The second step is to obtain the facts, which in Andrea s case, is supported by medical assessment, laboratory studies, diagnosis, and Andrea s own verbal statement. Next, the nurse must evaluate alternative actions plans to handle and help resolve the dilemma. In this case, the nurse should also consult the hospital case worker, ethics committee, nursing code of ethics, and hospital guidelines and policies a nd procedures to help with the final decision or action plan. The ethics committee would aid as case consultant, identifyingShow MoreRelatedA Framework For Building A Foundation Of Ethical Leadership978 Words   |  4 Pages In this book, author Robert Starratt provides a framework for building a foundation of ethical leadership based on responsibility, authenticity, and presence. Readers should understand that this book is not how to transform schools, but how to think about affecting change in our teachers, staff, and students. Author’s Background and Credentials Dr. Robert Starratt is a professor of education at Boston College. Before his current position, he had an extensive career as a teacher and principalRead MoreThe Ethical Framework Of Accounting897 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessionals, and public trust. The ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the failure of fundamental ethical framework, such as off-balance sheet transactions, misrepresentation of financial statements, inaccurate disclosure, manipulations with earnings, etc. The confronted accounting profession and concern for ethics in businesses forced regulators to revise the conceptual framework of accounting processesRead MoreAn Ethical Framework And Ethical Principles3227 Words   |  13 Pagestreatment for the patient whilst adhering to the applicable legal and ethical frameworks imposed. In order to achieve this the assignment will commence by critically analysing how an e thical framework and ethical principles can and should be applied to both the above scenario and more generally in paramedic practice. From this understanding of the underlying principles the assignment will next examine both the legal and ethical standpoints surrounding capacity and consent and analyse how these shouldRead MoreEthical Frameworks Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Frameworks Practice Health care professionals are subject to a multitude of professional, legal, and ethical responsibilities which call for personal judgment to be utilized in such a manner as to protect clients as well as public wellness and interests. Overall considerations in handling such duties may be considered to be respect of a client’s autonomy, confidence, and recognition of obligations owed to all clients. While the aforementioned acts fall within the professional realmRead MoreEthical Framework Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Framework Fall 2007 Creating and defining my own ethical framework is essential in future success as a businessman, a leader, and a team player. As a business student, I have learned that it can be a very cut throat industry and in order to get ahead, at some point and ethical dilemma will undoubtedly be an obstacle I have to overcome. The way I handle these dilemmas can make or break my career; business ethics are a key part of earning and sustaining respect, trust, and a good rapportRead MoreEthical Framework in Practice1246 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: APPLYING ETHICAL FRAMEWORK IN PRACTICE Applying Ethical Framework in Practice Jaclyn Hughes Grand Canyon University: NRS-437V August 21, 2011 Applying Ethical Framework in Practice Patient confidentiality is one thing that cannot be breached nor as a patient that you would want to be breached. In this day and age as healthcare professionals it is a very fine line of what breaching confidentiality is. We all want to know that when we are sick and in the hospital, the one thingRead MoreDeontology Is An Ethical Framework1242 Words   |  5 PagesDeontology is an ethical framework, which states, that the rightness and wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2014). People believe that healthcare disparities are not an issue in America today. Although, many minorities are receiving healthcare, the level of care revealed is not equitable. Today, minorities are not getting the same quality of care as the majority group, access to healthcare is not easily attained, and millions of minorities are uninsuredRead MoreLegal and Ethical Framework4559 Words   |  19 Pagesregard, a programme of action is being proposed for VOS Governme nt Primary School, with coordinated activities to increase awareness and effect behavioural change in terms of safer sexual practices and reproductive health from a young age. Legal/Ethical Frameworks Few organisations can claim to have a population as vulnerable as a Primary school. The children attending the school on a daily basis are at risk of being harmed by any number of incidents, both related and unrelated to the school compoundRead MoreApplying Ethical Framework in Practice1100 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Framework in Practice 1. Ethical implications of a breach of confidentiality Ethics is the concept of right and wrong and thus it is difficult to come to a universal standpoint as to what should be right and wrong. In the context of the medical field, professionals are constantly engaged in accessing very delicate and sensitive information about people and patients. Thus, such professionals are regularly facing the circumstances in regards to concepts such as confidentiality andRead MoreApplying Ethical Frameworks in Parctice1027 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Nursing has a renowned history of concern and interest for the welfare of the sick, injured and vulnerable for social justice. Nursing encompasses prevention of illness, decreasing suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health. Ethics is been an integral part of the foundation of nursing and it is self reflective, enduring and distinctive. In the professional course, a nurse encounters with different types of patients, several types of

Catholic Schools Week Free Essays

This year’s national theme for Catholic Schools Week is â€Å"Catholic Schools: A+ for America. † The five years I have been at St. Dominic’s, I have experienced that it is very different then a public school and is much better. We will write a custom essay sample on Catholic Schools Week or any similar topic only for you Order Now At St. Dominic’s, we go to church every Friday. During Church on Fridays, the Mass is run by the school so each class take turns serving and reading and being the gift bearers. We also have a Christmas play which is run by the 8th grade every year. On top of that we have a great religion class every day except on Friday’s and our priest will sometimes come over to school and read us a bible verse or two. To me, St. Dominic’s makes me feel like I am in a safe environment, to me it’s like a family. Here at St. Dominic’s our teachers do whatever they can to make us an A+ student. They care about are grades so we can have higher expectations and so we can live a better Christian life. So we do a lot of projects and activity to help us understand are work better. Here at St. Dominic’s we have one of every grade since it is a smaller school and we have smaller class sizes. So the friends you meet in pre-school are the friends you are going to graduate with and possible more. One of the projects we started a few years ago at St. Dominic School is recycling. The whole school gets involved. Each year we all have a competition to see which class collects the most recycling and whoever wins gets a reward. Recycling is something good for are county as well as our country. Also at St. Dominic’s, the 6th – 8th grade have to do service hours for a religion grade. I think this has a great impact on our country as a whole because we are making it possible to live in a safer environment by doing the smallest things like recycling and giving up are time for others in need. We also help out a round school like we rack the leaves in the fall and help put out salt in the winter. We also work with the younger students helping them learn how to tie their shoes or sitting with them at church to teach them how to behave during Mass. Something else that we do as 8th graders at St. Dominic school is we teach the 5th grade how to serve during church. Since the 8th graders are the oldest students, we are asked to help out a lot. Whenever someone needs something we are always there to help them. So we have to take the biggest role in leading our school to a better community. Once you leave St. Dominic you are on your own and hopefully you always leave a Christian life. St. Dominic has made me realize that I can do whatever I want to as long as I put my mind to it. How to cite Catholic Schools Week, Essay examples

Internal Conflicts Caused by Conformity Essay Example For Students

Internal Conflicts Caused by Conformity Essay Internal Conflicts Caused by ConformityConformity can often seem like the best path to take in a situation. Going along with everyone else will cause less conflict for the group as a whole. Unfortunately conforming simply to protect other peoples feelings can lead to powerful internal conflicts if a person does not fully agree with the situation. Ruth from A Raisin in the Sun, Langston from Salvation, and Mama from Everyday Use, all felt internal conflicts resulting from conformity. Ruth Younger is a caring mother who feels internal conflicts when she feels strongly about something her husband does not agree with. Ruth lives in a small apartment with her extended family. She tries to be a good wife, supportive of her husbands decisions but she also longs for a better life for her family. Gladys Washington, literary reviewer, points out that Ruth, seems to hold fairly traditional ideas about motherhood, but she finds herself, without the counsel of her husband, considering abortion as an alternative to bringing another child into the world (Washington screen 3). She would sacrifice the life growing inside her to ensure her current family had a place to sleep. When her mother-in-law presents them with the opportunity to move from their small run down apartment to a home of their own Ruth is overjoyed, but sees that Walter is furious with his mother for spending so much money on a home in a white neighborhood. Ruth wants so badly to be excited that she urges her hu sband to see the good that would come from moving. She says, Please, honey let me be glad you be glad too(Hansberry 998). She tells him they should, say goodbye to these Goddamned cracking walls!and these marching roaches!and this cramped little closet which aint now or never was no kitchen!(Hansberry 999). After being offered money by their white neighbors not to move in, Walter decides to take the money and keep his family in their cramped apartment. Ruth is being torn to pieces at the thought of losing the home she dreamed of but she has done enough pleading. She had already rebelled and let her husband know how she felt about the new home. Finally right before Walter signs the papers to accept the white communitys money, his wife and mothers pleas get through to him. He turns down the white mans money and Ruth finally gets a better life for her family. Langston Hughes faced internal struggles when he was pressured to do something he did not believe in. His Aunts church was holding a revival and that night had a special meeting for children. Langstons Aunt had told him that Jesus would come into his life. She said, that when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to you inside!(Hughes 467).When the meeting began the preacher asked for the children to, come to Jesus,(Hughes 467) but Langston was not one of the many who got up. He waited to feel something letting him know that Jesus had come into his life. Slowly all of the other children joined the preacher and the congregation focused their energies on Langston. The twelve year old boy was under incredible pressure to proclaim himself saved and he began to think, that maybe to save further trouble,(Hughes 468) he should just, say that Jesus had come, and get up, and be saved,(Hughes 468) Langston decided to get up and join the saved children, to the delight of the wh ole church. After deceiving his Aunts church, for the last time in his life but one,(Hughes 468) he cried. His tears were a physical expression of the pain caused by conforming to others expectations. .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .postImageUrl , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:hover , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:visited , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:active { border:0!important; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:active , .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697 .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8774606d8dc271b9e7ada2b2a624697:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Philosophy - Life's Greatest Questions EssayMamas unconditional love of her daughters causes inner conflict when she must choose between them. Her daughters are as different as they can be but Mama accepts both children for who they are. When Dee, her oldest daughter, arrives at Mamas farmhouse she has changed her name, appearance, and general attitude about her familys home.Diane Ross noted, To Mama, the name Dee is symbolic of family unity; after all, she can trace it back to the time of the Civil War (Ross Screen 2). By rejecting the name Dee, she is rejecting her familys history. Mama takes this all in stride and supports Dees decision to go by the African name Wangero saying, If thats what you want us to call you, well call you(Walker 110). Mama continues to humor Wangero until Wangero asks for two quilts that have already been promised to Maggie. Maggie, a shy, quiet girl who never expects things to go her way, is Mamas younger daughter. Wangero wants the quilts to display in her home because they are hand stitched and worth money. Maggie, however, desires the quilts because she learned to quilt from the women who made them and are full of memories of people she loved. . When Mama saw Maggie sacrificing her quilts to appease Wangero she could no longer conform to Wangeros wishes. Mama, did something she had never done before, (Walker 112) and gave Maggie back the quilts that were rightfully hers. John Gruesser states that Mama finally realized, that her thin, scarred, pathetic daughter, who knows how to quilt and serves as her familys oral historian, deserves the quilts more than her shapely, favored, educated daughter Dee, who only wants the q uilts because they are now fashionable (Gruesser Screen 2). Maggie gave Mama, a real smile, not scared,and confirmed that Mamas conflict had been resolved in the best way possible. Each characters conflict was brought on by different circumstances but rebelling to do what they believed in cleared up any internal problems. In each story the benefits of conformity are outweighed by the damage it can do to a person when conforming means not following their heart. In these stories, as in everyday life, rebellion can be beneficial when it means doing what you feel is right.

Steroid`s Prohibition Essays - Exercise Physiology,

Steroid`s Prohibition It's amazing what athletes will do to achieve higher levels of performance and to get an edge on the rivaled competition. Often people do not realize the long-term effects that result from the decisions they make early in life. This resembles the obvious phenomenon with steroids. Steroids became a spreading exposure to athletes in the Olympics and other major sporting events during the 1950's. This use of steroids among athletes became apparent when Canadian sprint runner Ben Johnson tested positive for steroid use after winning the gold medal for the 100-meter dash during the 1988 Olympics. Today, a thin fifteen-year-old can just walk down to the local gym and find sellers to obtain the drug that will make him the idol of all his classmates. Being such an attractive drug, as shown in the analogy above, and seeming harmless to the unaware user, steroids can have a potentially jeopardous effect. Consistently, users, new and experienced, have no knowledge as to the dangerous consequences that steroids can have on their minds and bodies. Although steroids have low death tolls in our society, banning it is purely justified because of the extremely perilous side effects it inflicts on the unsuspecting user. Though steroids are known as a somewhat dangerous substance, they are legal to possess and consume. There has not yet been a true clinical study that proves such possible side effects are linked to the use of steroids. Sure, there has been several cases in which someone has died and an autopsy has shown that the person was using steroids, but this does not mean they are a lethal drug as some medical professionals have stated. Some advocates believe that because steroids are legal, and since it's the decision of the user to take the drug, steroids are not causing a problem in society. Millions, causing deteriorating effects on their bodies, consume alcohol and cigarettes every day, but there has never been a protest to put a ban on these items because of their harmful nature. So how are steroids any different? Some people may state that the wide spread use of steroids among professional athletes is forcing young upcoming athletes to use steroids, even though it's against their morals. This is because they know they can not compete adequately against their opponents who are using steroids to achieve higher levels of performance. One might say this is how competition works though. Race car drivers and gymnasts are out there every day, pushing themselves harder and harder, going just a little faster, or doing a new, more difficult trick. Many believe they are forced by their own desire to win, and the hazardous risks they take, be it taking a corner a little faster or pulling an extra flip in a routine, are no different than the risks a football player, wrestler, or weight lifter takes when they choose to use steroids to increase their skills. Many believe these reasons make steroid abuse morally justified, and say their use in sports and other activities are just an added element in boosting performance. It is true that there has not yet been any defined medical research to prove steroid abuse is linked to severe medical implications. But many chronic users dealing with massive medical difficulties believe they were a result of steroid abuse. Alcohol and cigarettes are major contributors to the deaths of thousands each year. Frequently we see a family member, or friend, suffering from diseases and health conditions caused by smoking and drinking. These conditions can often lead to an early, horrible death for the individual. Many find these experiences an obstantial reason to not drink and smoke. In a similar situation, young athletes see their former athletic idols suffering from medical problems caused by steroids. These professionals will even admit to their former steroid abuse in hopes to persuade the thousands of young athletes participating in steroid abuse each day to make the right choice in not using steroids. I find it hard to believe how young athletes can simply ignore the warnings of these suffering abusers. This can partly be blamed on the lack of education about steroids that young athletes will receive. Nevertheless, when they see the effects steroids have in the long run on such professional athletes as Lyle Alzado, they should realize the need to give up their abuse, even if they must sacrifice the chance to win that gold medal, or give up that buff body they always dreamed of. If a user was to listen to what a former addict

Difference Between French and American Revolution Essays

Difference Between French and American Revolution Essays Difference Between French and American Revolution Essay Difference Between French and American Revolution Essay While there are quite a few striking similarities between the French and American Revolutions, there are equally as many differences. Both the French and the American Revolution stem from ideals of Enlightenment, wherein the public wanted to be free from oppressive and tyrannical rulers, and put power back into the hands of the people. The French revolution was a result of lower classes fighting to overthrow a government within their own country out of a need for welfare and financial security. The people of France were starving as taxes kept rising in order to keep aristocrats in the lap of luxury. The American Revolution started because of the need to feel justice, fairness and equality; America already had a large degree of self government. Britain treated the America’s as a territory instead of an extension of their land and their people which resulted in Americans fighting an overseas king to become and independent nation breaking away from British rule. Both the American and the French Revolution had key leaders, impacting the direction each countries Revolution would take. Both the American and the French leaders had a huge impact on how violent each war would turn out to be. American’s had Thomas Jefferson and George Washington who helped shape the country, the government, and the people in a positive and significant way; leading to an almost non violent transition. France had leaders who, although are an crucial part of history, didn’t have a constructive impact on the country or the people. Unlike the leaders of America, the leaders of France caused more destruction and harm than good. The French people looked to these leaders for help in deciding which kind of government would be most advantageous for them. Debatably, one of the most prevalent leaders of France was Maximillien Robespierre, who demanded a republic; his demands were met when the monarchy was overthrown, and King Louis XVI was executed. Maximillien Robespierre brought about was the â€Å"rein of terror† killing anyone who was in support of a monarchy or tyrannical type government, where up to as many as forty thousand people were killed by guillotine. In the French Revolution, people were fairly split on what they wanted to happen resulting in a radical change of goals throughout the war; which later led to a civil war. The American people sent a Declaration of Independence stating our intention to break away from British rule and become our own independent country. The goals of the American people remained nearly the same from start to finish. The Americans were never violent towards supporters of British monarchy, like the French were. In conclusion, The American and French Revolution were started on the same basic fundamentals such as leaders, enlightenment, and ideology. The French people looked toward America as an example of what they sought for their own country; however, because of the difference in leaders and ideals, each country’s Revolution took a fundamentally different turn, but having almost the same conclusion. In France, leaders such as Robespierre and Napoleon with their eventual dictatorship helped France rid itself of a monarchy indefinitely, leading to a democracy. In America Leaders such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson also helped America evolve into a democratic government.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia By Mark Nichol How do you represent various sounds in writing? The term for vocal (and written) imitation of sounds, onomatopoeia, means â€Å"to make names.† (The word, a Latinization of a Greek word, consists of the term that is also the origin of name, nominal, and the like and the one from which poem and poet are derived.) But making names is complicated by the fact that spelling of sounds is arbitrary. Various languages represent common sounds with uncommonly assorted words. What in English would be spelled chomp or munch is in Indonesian krauk and in Japanese musha-musha. Shh, or hush, is translated as psszt in Hungarian and cht in Spanish. Achoo! is spelled apchix in Bulgarian and achhee! in Hindi. Sometimes for instance, because a frog in one country is a different species from one in another country and therefore may actually make a different sound this variation is logical. But often (look up the various representations for meow around the world) the differences are perplexing. But even within one language, a writer is challenged by the ambiguity of sounds. How, exactly, does one spell a yell? That word itself is onomatopoeic, but â€Å"Yell!† is not a yell. A cry of anger is distinct from one of fear. And an exclamation of pain could be spelled starting with an a (â€Å"Aughhh!†), an o (â€Å"Owww!†), or a y (â€Å"Yeow!†). Some variation from what a reader may be accustomed to is reasonable: If I routinely spelled an archvillain’s triumphant evil laugh â€Å"Bwah-hah-hah!† I would be distracted but not derailed to see it treated as â€Å"Muah-ha-ha!† But â€Å"Myau† would not alert me to the presence of a cat; in English, either the spelling above or the British English preference, miaow (or mew, a variation suggesting a gentler cry) is standard. But how do I know that? The compositional catch-22 â€Å"How can I look something up in the dictionary if I don’t know how to spell it?† may come into play, especially when the word starts with a vowel. But that’s step number one: Look it up. Is a donkey’s bray spelled â€Å"Hee haw†? Type the word into Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary, and you’ll learn whether your guess is validated. (In this case, English is in the minority among languages, most of which begin spelling of that sound with a vowel.) Or rely on your reading whether your sources are science journals or comic books, some standard is likely to prevail. Neologisms or words not generally granted legitimacy in writing (fuggedaboudit, anyone?) can be a challenge, but try an online search if you’re not sure. You’ll likely get a response for more than one alternative, but apply the quality test, not the quantity test: Judge the preferred spelling not on which is most frequent, but which is used on the most authoritative (or least questionable) sites. But in the right circumstance, go ahead and take a chance. If you desire, for example, that a character respond to another’s cattiness, a flat utterance of â€Å"Meow† may convey the first person’s cynical understatement, whereas â€Å"Reerrrrrrrrrrr!† will, despite its lack of resemblance to the standard spelling, clearly evoke an unambiguous judgment about the second character’s provocative statement or behavior. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should KnowThrew and Through

Role of IGR and Communication in Public Administration Essay

Role of IGR and Communication in Public Administration - Essay Example One such way is through shaping the work of governmental institutions. One situation that helps to illustrate this is the â€Å"Wichita Confronts Contamination† case study. In 1990, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) in partnership with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave a disturbing report concerning Wichita, Kansas (Stillman, 2009). According to the report, Wichita sat on a large polluted underground lake. The causes of the all the pollution involved different commercial and industrial chemicals. The contamination spread at a faster rate coupled with fears that it could cause serious health complications such as cancer. The polluted aquifer lay directly below the city’s central business district. Banks, residential homes and industries lay within the six-square mile area. The reaction of the local communities involved persistent calls on the government to respond and do something serious to relieve the situation. In addition to that, the ba nking sector also stopped giving loans to residents and business owners within Gilbert-Mosley area. The banks became more careful demanding certain requirements before giving out loans. To this effect, banks required inspection of sites and analysis of water and soil samples from a prospective businessperson before granting loan to individuals. The 1990 Listing Site Investigation was the first comprehensive report on the adverse contamination of Wichita. The City Manager’s office estimated that it would cost $20 million to clean the aquifer. The negative thing about the entire process was that it would take as many as 20 years. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) report recommended only two options to remedy the situation. These were either for the companies responsible for the contamination to undertake joint cleaning of the area or for the state to push the inclusion of the contaminated area in the National Priority Listing. This problem had serious effec ts for the city. The potential economic impact would drain the city of its economic achievements. About 508 businesses got identification as Potential Responsible Parties as determined by the Superfund Law. The city’s tax base faced risk from liability and bank-imposed real estate freeze. Cherches, who was at the time the city manager, had the responsibility to map a way forward in solving the problem. He took into account the two recommendations given by KDHE. The most important things to the city were to clean the aquifer and maintain the values of properties. They could only achieve this if the banks agreed to continue giving loans. Finally, the city manager decided to throw out the two options suggested by KDHE and came with a third option. The city was to take full responsibility for the cleanup. This presented the question of how to raise funds to finance for the cleanup. The dilemma presented a number of intergovernmental relations (IGR) actors. These included the busi ness owners, KDHE, EPA, the city manager’s office, Wichita City Council, the school board, lenders and the state legislature. Each of these actors had a role to play in ensuring proper representation of interests. KDHE, for instance, had a reputation to uphold. The Wichita School Board and Sedgwick County Council’s tax base faced destabilization. Banks had a role to pay in ensuring that Wichita’