Free Essays on Anxiety

Unique Nervousness is a typical response to a compromising circumstance and results from an expansion in the measure of adrenaline from the thoughtful sensory system. This sped up the heart and breath rate, raises circulatory strain, and occupies blood stream to the muscles. These physical responses are suitable for getting away from peril, yet when they cause tension much of the time for the duration of the day, they might be hindering to a typical way of life. An uneasiness issue is where sentiments of dread, trepidation, or nervousness are problematic or cause mutilations in conduct, (Coon, 526); they are mental ailments that are not helpful for ordinary working. On occasion, a hidden sickness or infection can cause constant nervousness. Treatment of the ailment or malady will stop the nervousness. Nervousness Disorders and Their Treatments Nervousness diseases influence in excess of 23 million Americans, with around 10 million Americans experiencing the most well-known, general tension issue (Harvard, 1). Regular uneasiness issue are alarm assaults (alarm issue), fears, and general tension issue (GAD). Fits of anxiety can start with a sentiment of extraordinary fear, trailed by physical manifestations of tension. A fit of anxiety is portrayed by erratic assaults of serious uneasiness with side effects not identified with a specific circumstance (British, 1886). The individual encountering the assault may not know about the reason. Manifestations incorporate at least four of the accompanying: beating heart, trouble breathing, tipsiness, chest torment, shaking, perspiring, stifling, queasiness, depersonalization, deadness, dread of kicking the bucket, flushes, dread of going insane. Heredity, metabolic variables, hyperventilation, and mental components may likewise add to uneasiness causing alarm assaults (British, 1886). Frenzy issue will in general disagreement families with first degree family members of patients having four to multiple times more serious hazard than the general popu... Free Essays on Anxiety Free Essays on Anxiety Conceptual Tension is a typical response to an undermining circumstance and results from an expansion in the measure of adrenaline from the thoughtful sensory system. This sped up the heart and breath rate, raises pulse, and redirects blood stream to the muscles. These physical responses are suitable for getting away from peril, however when they cause nervousness much of the time for the duration of the day, they might be adverse to an ordinary way of life. An uneasiness issue is where sentiments of dread, fear, or tension are troublesome or cause mutilations in conduct, (Coon, 526); they are mental sicknesses that are not helpful for typical working. Now and again, a basic sickness or infection can cause constant uneasiness. Treatment of the sickness or illness will stop the tension. Tension Disorders and Their Treatments Tension ailments influence in excess of 23 million Americans, with around 10 million Americans experiencing the most widely recognized, general nervousness issue (Harvard, 1). Regular uneasiness issue are alarm assaults (alarm issue), fears, and general tension issue (GAD). Fits of anxiety can start with a sentiment of extreme fear, trailed by physical side effects of tension. A fit of anxiety is described by capricious assaults of serious tension with manifestations not identified with a specific circumstance (British, 1886). The individual encountering the assault may not know about the reason. Side effects incorporate at least four of the accompanying: beating heart, trouble breathing, tipsiness, chest torment, shaking, perspiring, gagging, sickness, depersonalization, deadness, dread of biting the dust, flushes, dread of going insane. Heredity, metabolic variables, hyperventilation, and mental elements may likewise add to uneasiness causing alarm assaults (British, 1886). Frenzy issue will in general spat families with first degree family members of patients having four to multiple times more serious hazard than the general popu...

First day on the new job

First Day on the New Job Many individuals anticipate the primary day of work at a new position. There are new individuals to meet, a lot to learn, and cash to be made. While I've had different Jobs preceding beginning my last Job, nothing could have set me up for the sort of workplace that I experienced when I strolled In to start my business. The primary day of my Job at a retail location was not exactly satisfying First I come in the store at 10:00 A. M. The director Introduced the dawdle meeting In hich she discussed the objective and preparing of the day.She doled out me the Fitting Room Section, was separated from everyone else, and the organization never gave me the preparation about â€Å"Work in the fitting room†. The primary hour was moderate, however gradually, a great deal of clients were on line for taking a stab at the outfits, â€Å"Oh my God†, I didn't have a clue what to do on the grounds that I needed to hang up all the garments individuals would not li ke to purchase. what's more, I needed to help the clients. At any rate â€Å"First is the first, the customers†. I ask the clients. â€Å"How numerous Items, do you have? , if the Customer had more â€Å"6† things to take a stab at, this isn't permitted Inside the area, just â€Å"6† or less.All the garments the clients didn't need were gathered under the rack. Unexpectedly a director entered to the segment and said irately: â€Å"It's excessively, it's too much†. felt anxious however then I thought â€Å"I won't worry about her since I am alone†. My other colleagues werent there at that time. I didn't care for my activity since I need to stir holding up. The greater part of the individuals are more youthful than me In the store. I realized that on the off chance that I needed to work with these individuals consistently t wouldn't cause me to feel comfortable.There would be nothing to discuss and we would share nothing for all intents and purpose. They would consistently be guiding me and they believed that I was unfit to carry out the Responsibility possibly due to my age. I was not anticipating working with them. The main day on my new position was awkward. I would not like to work with the individuals who were there, and I wasnt happy with the hours and cash. They started to give me less hours and I wound up squandering more cash on transportation than I was aining working there.

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion Kits

Packed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion Kits Packed petroleum gas (CNG) change kitsâ allow a technician to change over a regular gas vehicle to one that sudden spikes in demand for the CNG. In spite of the fact that the procedure is unpredictable, it isn't really troublesome and very possible. Also, in the event that you are precisely disposed, it should plausibly be possible in your own carport. The other alternative is to locate a willing specialist that will introduce a CNG pack for you! This sort of elective fuel likewise accompanies a lot of points of interest including more motor force, better eco-friendliness and longer motor life generally speaking. Be that as it may, there are additionally a few concerns you should deliver before focusing on completely changing over your vehicle. You ought to counsel a believed specialist for more data with respect to the rationale of rolling out this improvement. Normal Concerns One potential band to hop through could be emanations confirmation for your specific state - a few states require unique conditions since youd be changing the vehicles built fuel type. They all contrast, and some are simpler to work with than others. The U.S. Division of Energy offers this outflows affirmation data and CSA America offers an accessible database of packed flammable gas chamber investigators. Another know before-you-do-it-thing is to find the CNG powering stations in your general vicinity to be certain you’ll have standard access to the fuel. This station discoverer for CNG and elective energizes incorporates evaluating for the United States. Another other option, on the off chance that you have gaseous petrol in your house, is to introduce a Phill home refueling apparatus. These gadgets pack and administer a tank of fuel in around 8 hours. They are intended to be joined for the time being, conveying a full tank before breakfast. Another choice could be to introduce a CNG blower at your home, which regularly runs upwards of $4,500. Where to Get the Kits Luckily, there is no lack of merchants for these CNG transformation units. Sites like CNG Interstateâ which not just offers a bi-fuel CNG/gas change unit and CNG chambers yet in addition a plenty of data identified with seeing how they work.â Grimhall Vehicle Upfitters additionally offers CNG change guidance for home establishment and is a significant reference for administrative and security data. Despite the fact that their online store is still moderately new, they offer a lot of items for CNG transformation. Discussing, odds are your nearby specialist will likewise have the option to get the correct apparatuses for the activity, however in the event that you live in the Denver Metro region, Redmark CNG Services offers elective fuel transformations for an assortment of American vehicle makes and models with establishments accessible legitimately at their office. Similarly, Tulsa Gas Technologiesâ offers full transformations in Tulsa, OK, and Dallas, TX.

Samuel Johnsons deceptively subtle satire The History of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia Essays

Samuel Johnsons misleadingly unpretentious parody The History of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia Essays Samuel Johnsons misleadingly unpretentious parody The History of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia Paper Samuel Johnsons misleadingly unpretentious parody The History of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia Paper Exposition Topic: Writing The Prince Samuel Johnsons misleadingly unpretentious parody The History of Rasselas Prince of Abissinia portrays Rasselas and his partners in their quest for the satisfaction procured from the right decision of life. The story comprises of a broad jargon, which is passed on through a rich style, and is written as an outsider looking in, so as to build the hallucination of objectivity and in this way summon a scholarly reaction. One could think about these complex gadgets to deliver an informational and practical good story, intended to amend the conviction that extreme bliss is intrinsic throughout everyday life. Notwithstanding, this exposition will inspect how Johnson challenges our predispositions of joy, of the job of the storyteller, and of culture and society, through the work of single faceted characters, outline account, and logical language, to suggest that the idea of joy is differing, that we can't live by anothers guidance, and that we should apportion time carefully. I likewise plan to challenge Womersleys guarantee that Johnsons exposition abstains from dogmatising, and interestingly present that he depends upon the affirmation of one disposition to initiate an assortment of reactions in us, the peruser. Johnson bends our conceptualisation of an outside story voice from the beginning of the novel. The peruser is familiar with the thought of a storyteller that controls the story talk, while existing freely from it, yet anticipates an impartial record from the storyteller, which isn't conveyed. Ye who tune in with credulity to the murmurs of extravagant, and persue with energy the apparitions of expectation; who expect that age will play out the guarantees of youth, and that the lacks of the current day will be provided by the morrow; take care of the historical backdrop of Rasselas ruler of Abissinia. Johnsons expository utilization of language in this section makes a mood, which stresses things, for example, apparitions, and the onomatopoeic murmurs, to pass on inadequacy and reduce the significance of the word guarantees. The tone made y the hard consonance of ps and ds is derisory, and leaves the words expectation and youth unstressed, which can be deciphered as sharpness, groan, or straightforward contemplation. The immediate location of the pronoun Ye, has an inquisitive connotation, and involves the peruser in the analysis, proposing that as the story is being connected for our advantage, mindfulness is important. The judgment of the peruser turns out to be increasingly articulated through the acknowledgment that we, as Rasselas, are enamored by the derived knowledge and the conviction of a speech that needs substance. By analyzing the principal passage all the more completely, one recognizes that as there is no avocation to acknowledge the storytellers demonizations, and that as each line just echoes the previous ramifications, the tendency to agree devalues. Subsequently, a mindfulness to Johnsons style changes the perusers point of view of a storyteller, and passes on that it isn't required to ascribe authority consequently to somebody due to an assumption, as we are totally restricted by our encounters. The outcome of this disclosure is that as the intelligence that can be achieved is limited, and as we can't live latently, we should coordinate our direct concurring our own choices. It could be contended that this constraint of his astuteness nullifies his ethical cases, anyway Johnsons style infers that their definition must be balanced from honorable guidelines, to considered proposals that we are at freedom to acknowledge or ignore. Johnsons style, albeit articulate, is misleadingly straightforward and for the most part doesn't shell the peruser with a progression of complex gadgets, for example, analogy and representation. This style incites an underlying feeling of objectivity while we define assessments on the endeavors and finishes of the characters, and our job as an observer is upgraded by Johnsons decision to put the story outside of Europe. One reason for this choice is that at the hour of composing the British Empire was all the while flourishing, and Europe was viewed as a position of social refinement and intellect, so by setting his ethical story in a general public that the peruser just connects with extensive size and sentiment, and considers unsophisticated, we are not undermined or insulted at the revealed perceptions. Nonetheless, one analysis is that Johnson shows numbness to different societies in anticipating that the defects of one society should be available in another, while an advanced peruser may challenge the presumption that they share the perspectives on a peruser in Georgian culture. However the utilization of straightforward style insinuates a sense shared trait, and recommends that each general public, regardless of the decent variety, has lacks, and that these specific imperfections have been picked on the grounds that he is mocking his and the perusers society. Johnson gives comfort in our objectivity and licenses us to set up our recognitions before challenges them. His first assault is upon our insight of Abissinia, by adjusting the major premises through his depiction of the glad valley: encompassed on each side by mountains From the mountains on each side, rivulets slid that filled all the valley with verdure and ripeness. The style is basic, which implies that, albeit one can acquire numerous aims from the substance, there is at any rate one regular translation for every person. The impression of extensive size is decreased as the reiteration of each side summons the picture of detainment; the meaning is that the valley and its occupants like the residents of the British Isles would die without the outer impacts from which it ensures itself. Johnson encourages the transference of analysis to the peruser by urging us to associate ourselves with the fundamental characters, which are allocated the qualification of scholarly people and sovereignty in spite of the fact that it is a remarkably feeble station, such a ruler fourth in line for the position of royalty. In spite of this feebleness, all through the work they are regularly introduced by their titles, for example, the sovereign, yet it is likewise the manner in which numerous characters are depicted, for instance, the writer, and the loner, to set up the feeling of an appearance of ways of life and perspectives instead of real individuals. This hypothesis is emphasizd by mindfulness to the discourse of the characters as, regardless of foundation and rank, every ha been recommended with a comparable well-spoken articulation. To him that lives well, addressed the loner, each type of life is acceptable; nor would i be able to give some other principle for decision, than to expel from all obvious insidiousness. Johnson controls the linguistic structure of every character discourse, putting the name of the conventional gathering in this example the recluse inside their discourse, to develop the feeling that despite the fact that their mark and their demeanor limits them, they additionally c omprises their lives. The misuse of language structure passes on that quick consciousness of which character is talking is unimportant, as the worth lies in the disposition. The peruser is educated that the recluse has existed in isolation for a long time, however knows little of his past station, yet he is allocated world renowned discourse, set up through straightforward, monosyllabic words with delicate consonants and stretched vowel sounds. Johnsons decision to trait the characters with comparative discourse could be deciphered as a confinement on his capacity as an essayist; notwithstanding, the ethical part of the account proposes that the planned impact is that all assessments are equivalent. However, there is a clear logical inconsistency, as the discourse mirrors the style in every single other zone of the story, and when a characters conduct is esteemed useless, their talk is excluded, for instance the men of soul and exhilaration. Rasselas views himself as a savvy man, and when defied with individuals who dislike disapproved, he excuses them, similarly that the storyteller rejects their discussion from the account. Johnson gives objectivity through his basic style and essential speculations so as to examine the way wherein we use it. He represents the trouble in understanding anything rising above our experience as no measure of research or perception can give an exact handle of anothers way of life. For instance, the prosperous Rasselas is unequipped for totally valuing the difficulty of an endeavoring devastated dealers child. However, despite the fact that we don't share the states of another, it is suggested that we should regard it, as opposed to excuse it or present assessments for it, as more than one way of living exists and we each follow our own. The initial introduction of the work is that it conforms to the style of a conventional eastern story, through the usage of an edge account; nonetheless, by evacuating the advantage of a settled end it parodys custom, and thus sentences the propensity of scholars to give a solitary arrangement while thinking about a subject as differed as life. It has been proposed by J. P Hardy that Johnsons end upholds the acknowledgment that no such joy exists1, which through a progression of hopeless portrayals of the human condition, is seemingly an exact depiction. However, despite the fact that Johnson challenges the idea of an end through the nebulous vision of an irrelevant accomplishment, it is possible that by understanding that there isn't one ideal approach to live, and by embracing adoration for the assorted variety of direct, while finding a sense of contentment with ones own, one achieves an upbeat end. The essential part of the story is that regardless of the propositions of pundits, for example, David Womersley, that recommend that Johnsons exposition is eager, and is constantly aware of the vanity of dogmatising

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Who Should Not Apply to SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A lot of my blog posts focus on the myriad of wonderful opportunities SIPA has to offer and how no matter your policy interest, the SIPA experience can make all your professional dreams come true! While this is certainly the case for a wide variety of people, SIPA is not the right fit for everyone. Below are examples of 5 types of people who should NOT be applying to SIPA. You have little or no professional experience. While it’s true that SIPA admits a small percentage (roughly 10%) of applicants directly from undergrad, these are people with significant work or internship experience.   Not only does a lack of experience diminish your chances of acceptance, but it’s not a good idea for you. One of the most important pieces of SIPA is gaining the skills and experience you need to propel you forward in your career, and if you haven’t even began a career, it’s hard to know what those are.   Additionally, a lot of the practical strategies as well as the more theoretical work we do in classes asks us to draw on previous work experience and apply case studies to our own work and life.   You won’t get as much out of your SIPA education if you don’t have these experiences to draw on. You have no idea what you want to do when you graduate.   Similar to the above, it’s difficult to use a SIPA education to move your career forward if you don’t know where you want to go. That’s not to say you need to know exactly what you want to do after SIPA but you should have a good idea of what you’re passionate about and the kinds of careers that might interest you.  If you are having trouble articulating this in your personal statement, perhaps you should think about gaining another year or two of professional experience before you apply.   A graduate degree is a big investment both in terms of time and money, so you want to make sure it’s something that you need, either personally or professionally, before you make that commitment.  Although many students get their second masters at SIPA, or do a dual degree program these moves are best planned strategically.   Think how frustrating it would be to spend two years at SIPA only to realize that what you really needed was a law degree. You have trouble interacting with people with different perspectives.   Even as public policy schools go, SIPA is remarkably diverse.   Not only does half of our student body come from non-US countries, we are economically and racially diverse even within our US population (and always striving to be more so).   Just as importantly we attract students with all different experiences and points of view.   If you cannot discuss hot button public or foreign policy issues, such as the Israel-Palestine conflict, domestic health policy and poverty alleviation with people who have drastically different opinions than your own without losing your cool, these are skills you need to hone before entering our program. You are interested in gaining a purely academic or theoretical background.   Our MIA and MPA differ distinctly from a Masters in Political Science.   There is plenty of opportunity to study theory at SIPA whether it be in international relations, education or just about any topic you can think of, but the programs at SIPA are primarily professional degrees.   Like an MBA or law degree, they are meant to prepare practitioners to work in their chosen field.   Although a limited number of SIPA students do go on to pursue PhDs, that is not what our programs are geared toward.   If you know right now you want to go into theory or academia, you might want to consider a Master degree in political science, economics or another field of interest. You are unwilling or unable to do the work.   If this seems to you like it should be obvious, it does to me too.   Yet weve gotten dozens of emails from applicants asking if we can waive graduation or admissions requirements, if they have to do a capstone workshop or if they can graduate early before they’ve even been admitted.   Although SIPA does offer advanced standing for students who already hold graduate degrees, we want students who want to be here.     I want classmates who want to be here. Even in classes that I dreaded taking and that didn’t apply directly to my job (hello econ!) I still learned something.   There’s a reason these courses are required.   Most SIPA students have significant professional experience so although your experience might be valid or great, it does not exempt you from jumping through the same hoops as your classmates.   If this work doesn’t appeal to you now or you don’t think you can make the time to complete the application requirements, what makes you think the work will be appealing or that you’ll have more time in the future?   There is no shame in researching a school’s curriculum and realizing it’s not for you. These things all said, I do hope you apply.   SIPA can mean a lot of things to a lot of different students with a variety of goals and if it sounds like our school might be the place for you I invite you to explore this blog, our admissions website or to attend an information session and talk with us further! Post contributed by Nancy Leeds.   Nancy is a MPA 2nd Year studying Urban and Social Policy/Management with a Certificate in Gender Policy

Environmental Policies Turkey

4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 https://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil poducts and fuelwood.Coal is used in thermal power plants to generate electricity is one of the major source of pollution. The industrial sector is also one of the main contributer. According to year 2000 figures, coal and lignite are resposible for 32% of electricity production and 33% of final energy consumption in industrial sector. (M. Ocak et al, 2004) In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkeys Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, https://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). Turkey has achieved a limited progress relating to chemicals where the total adoption and implementation remains low. There is no development on genetically modified organisms. Turkey nearly reached full alignment with the acquis regarding noise, butnoise maps and action stragey is still at an early phase (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, https://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is a lack of administrative capacity in order to establish national environmental agency. Adopting of environmental protection into other policy areas and assuring that new investments comply with the environmental acquis are at an early phase. Some of the old legislations like the Mining Law and the tourism legislation, are bring huge damage to natural areas (Van Ooik et al, 2009). 8. Cost of Environmental and Energy Policies Turkey ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009). Also the burden that the Copenhagen deal will bring, is not certified yet as the parties are still negotiating the limits on GHG emissions and how these limits allocate between eveloped countries and developing countries. Although Turkey is not yet bound with the Kyoto Protocol, EU harmonisation process has become the major driving force in national environmental reform. Strong national and economic and development planing, adoption of environmental attentionshas been achieved in many sectors in order to promote sustainable development. A number of actions have been undertaken by the goverment in the post 2000 period. 8.1 Taxes Taxes that relates with environment corresponds 15,2% of total tax reveneu and 4,8% of GDP in 2004. These shares had increased from 7,2% of total tax reveneu and 1,6% of GDP in 1995. According to OECD 2007 data, the share of fuel and motor vehicle taxes which relate environmentally friendly tax reveneu is very high (%95) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.2 Subsidies Financial supports which are provided by the goverment can have impact on the environment. Some subdiea can be environmentally harmful while they deform prices and resorce alignment decisions. In Turkey the body of agricultural subsidies has moved towards more environmentally friendly agriculture. The share of input payments are cut down from 30% in 1986-1988 to less than 2% in 2003-2005. On the other hand, relating to energy subsidies, hard coal remains subsidied. Current hard coal prices do not permit state owned coal producers to recover costs so they recieve subsidies to cover the cost of labor (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). 8.3 Environmental spending Pollution abatement and control (PAC) spending was forcasted at 1,2% of GDP in 2006. It is an increase from 1,1% in 1997.In 2005, supporting of public environmental investment came from four major sorces: local authorities (68%), the goverment (19,5%) and external sources (e.g. EU, World Bank) (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008). In the future it is forecasted that implementaition of EU environmental regulations will need total sppending of EUR 58 billion between 2007 and 2023. Implementation of EU water directives will need investments accounting for 60% of total. The central goverment is expected to afford 13% of total funding, local administrations 37%, the private sector 26% and public ventures 2%. External finance is forecasted to contribute 22% of total expenditure (OECD Environmental Performance Reviews Turkey, 2008) 8.4 Renewable Energy As this study stated, Turkey is mainly an energy importing country because of the scarce domestic fossil energy resources. Currently, much of the attention is targeted on the energy resorces and pipelines in Turkey. The total investment required in the energy sector between 2002 and 2015 will be approximately US$ 65 billion and 82% of this investment is for planning investments. So Turkey has to establish long term energy strategies to decrease the fossil fuel share and increase the renewables share for the main energy consumption. Turkey has huge capacity for energy efficiency developments. Using this capacity could lower the environmental emissions and increase security of supply. The capacity for renewables is also considerable (Kaygusuz, 2002) 5471 word count The main obstacle to use renewable energy is that all those kind of sources have low energy intensity per unit area. The other four main obstacles are economic obstacles,cost of technologies, financing issues and scientific and technical obstacles. Economic obstacles are accepted as the main barier to introduce renewable energy technologies. These factors include the cost of renewable technologies and their level ofelectricity they produce; difficulties in acquiring financing for renewable technologies, the failure to add externalities in the cost of generating electricity; and the money and interests already invest in existing infrastructure and technology. Also capital requirements to install renewable energy is very high because of the high per unit of capacity installed. This could be lower the acces to funding. These type of barriers keep renewable energy out of profitable use and producer tend to use fossil energy sources which are more easy to use and more profitable then the renewable energy sources (Nalan et al, 2009) 8.4.1 Hydropower The major disavantage of hydropower is the primary capital cost. Small-scale hydro dams could cause social and environmental problems. In addition, they could lower power shortage fragility during dry seasons experienced in large hydro plants. Hydropower releases no CO2 directly, but is less dependable than fuel plants due to dry seasons (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.2 Solar Energy Currently solar water heaters cost less comparing to past years. Domestic water heating by electricity has a share of 20-30% of the annual electricity consumption. Because of the daylight times, electiricty storage or back up is needed, so cost is increasing and additional environmental problems could occur. Additional to that there are obstacles to usephotovoltaic systems (PV). Higher cost of power generation is main obstacle comparing to conventional means of producing energy. Also insufficient financing, maket obstacles regarding the lack of large scale productmanufacturing and distribution, lack of support infrastructures, import tariffs and institutional barriers are the other obstacles that encourage to use of conventional means of energy generation (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.3Wind Energy A wind turbine with a potential a t least 500 KW, in ideal location, can generate 1.3 million KWh year . A 500-kW capacity turbine is need13,700 ha of land. In order to produce this level of electiricty , primary investment needed is about US$ 500,000, and annual operating cost of US$ 40,500. There is no legislation relating to wind turbines in Turkey. The Turkish industry has also a limited capacity to produce turbines. The scale and cost of a wind farm will demand private investment with an attractive rate of return (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.4 Geothermal energy Geothermal energy needs high cost of capital invesment. Also it can cause serious enviromental difficulties likewater shortages, air pollution, and waste effluent disposal, but the environmental effects of geothermal energy seem to be limited relative to those of fossil fuel systems (Nalan et al, 2009). 8.4.5 Biomass The major technology to produce heat and electricity is combustion. Turkey has leading technology players in this area and market risk is low. Central state supports potentially more environmental friendly systems like gasification and pyrolysis. The biomass fuel has relatively low CO2 emissions, it is almost near zero. But it is hard to collect large amount of biomass wastes due to their disperse nature. Transportation of biomass is also difficult and costly. The costs of biomass wastes is volatile due to productions and economic condition (Nalan et al, 2009). Turkeys energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas (Okay et al, 2008). In 1996, a study of the MENR evaluated that the capacity for energy conservation in industry at 4.2 Mtoe (approximately 25% of industrial energy consumtion for that year) and an average cash value of $1 billion/year. The total investment needed to realise this conservation capacity would be near to $2.4 billion. The payback phase for these investments would differ from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years (Ocak et al, 2004) Also 70% of energy is used for heating in the residential/commercial sector. Energy use can be lowered by half with the application new heat insulation standard. Addition to that, study carried out by the World Banks ESMAP program, main efficiency developments can be possible in power generation by enhancing power plant size from the existing average of 150340 MW (coal fired units), by demanding higher efficiency specifications for new plants and by increasing the use of cogeneration (Ocak et al, 2004).

Barn Burning Essay - 754 Words

William Faulkners Barn Burning, Through the eyes of a child In William Faulkners Barn Burning, Faulkner has chosen to tell his story through the point of view of a small boy, Sartoris Snopes. By choosing Sartoris’ viewpoint , Faulker has enabled the one person who was both closely affected by Abners behavior and had the power to do something about it. Its not unusual to tell a story from a childs point of view, but on the surface this would not seem to be a childs story, and even from the first page of the story Sartoris is a victim of his fathers actions. Thus, by choosing Sartoris instead of Abner the author has brought in a different narrator, which makes the reader see things in a different way. At the beginning†¦show more content†¦Sartoris moral values are not awakened because he suddenly and spontaneously realizes that his father is a wrong doing man. Instead, Sartoris has undergone a type of spiritual revelation when he first sees Major de Spains plantation. He feels that the residents of this lovely home are safe fr om his father. As Sartoris states on paragraph fourty, People whose lives are a part of this peace and dignity are behind his touch, he no more to them than a buzzing wasp: capable of stinging for a little moment but thats all; the spell of this peace and dignity rendering even the barns and stable and cribs which belong to it impervious to the puny flames he might contrive. For the first time in the story Sartoris has described beauty, elegance, and grace, and recognizes these qualities as being new and of a spiritual encounter. They strike a positive attitude in him, and he will never be the same. When Sartoris bursts into the de Spains living room and informs them that his father is going to burn down the Majors barn, he has made a moral decision against his father. He has realized that his father was wrong when he said that You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you. What Sartoris has to stick to is his selfhood, his new knowl edge of who he is and who he wants to be. If the story was to be told by Abner it would have had no conflict,Show MoreRelatedEssay Barn Burning1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Barn Burning,† the author, William Faulkner, composes a wonderful story about a poor boy who lives in anxiety, despair, and fear. He introduces us to Colonel Satoris Snopes, or Sarty, a boy who is mature beyond his years. Due to the harsh circumstances of life, Sarty must choose between justice and his family. At a tender age of ten, Sarty starts to believe his integrity will help him make the right choices. His loyalty to family doesn’t allow for him to understand why he warns the De SpainRead MoreBarn Burning Essay1889 Words   |  8 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† Colonel Sartoris Snopes must decide either to stand with his father and compromise his integrity, or embrace honesty and morality and condemn his family. This is a difficult decision to make, especially for a ten year old boy that has noth ing outside of what his father provides. Sarty’s decision to ultimately betray his father is dependent on his observation of Abner’s character and the conflict he feels concerning Abner. â€Å"Barn Burning† opens with a trial inRead More Barn Burning Essay571 Words   |  3 PagesBarn Burning â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner was written in the ebb of the 1930’s in a decade of social, economic, and cultural decline. This story offers insight into the past years for students to learn of the nation and the South. This story shows the racial segregation that took place in these times between the white landowners and white tenant farmers, the blacks and the whites, and the poor white trash class and the blacks. The Snopes’s family was in the social class ofRead More Barn Burning Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesBarn Burning Barn Burning is a sad story because it very clearly shows the classical struggle between the privileged and the underprivileged classes. Time after time emotions of despair surface from both the protagonist and the antagonist involved in the story. This story outlines two distinct protagonists and two distinct antagonists. The first two are Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) and his father Abner Snopes (Ab). Sarty is the protagonist surrounded by his fatherRead More Barn Burning Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pages Barn Burning amp;quot;You’re getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood to stick to you.amp;quot; This quote from William Faulkner’s amp;quot;Barn Burningamp;quot; does reveal a central issue in the story, as Jane Hiles suggests in her interpretation. The story is about blood ties, but more specifically, how these ties affect Sarty (the central character of the story). The story examines the internal conflict and dilemmaRead MoreEssay On Barn Burning879 Words   |  4 PagesWhy are children so loyal to their parents, even if their parents do not meet the moral standards of the child? Throughout the text of â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty seems to have repetitive feelings of grief and despair, yet he hesitates to out his father for his crimes. He hates his father’s crimes and his father’s way of life. Yet, Sarty is hesitant to out his father for his crimes. Mainly beca use he hopes his father will change, he fears his father will harm him physically or emotionally, and he placesRead MoreBarn Burning By William Faulkner935 Words   |  4 Pages William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning,† is about a southern white family that resides in a rural county in Mississippi. The low-income family members are the mother Lennie Snopes, the older brother, two sisters, and an aunt. The story’s main characters are, Colonel Sartoris Snopes, a 10- year-old boy, the father Abner Snopes, the property owner Abner’s boss Major de Spain, and his wife, Mrs. Lula de Spain. Abner Snopes characterized as the antagonist, and Faulkner describes him as an evil, vengeful manRead MoreBarn Burning By William Faulkner1373 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning† is an epic exhibition of the author’s style. In the story, Faulkner shows us the story of Colonel Sartoris Snopes regarding his want for good and his loyalty to his family. Throughout the story, Sarty is put in a position of having to struggle between his integrity and his want to defend his father and family. In â€Å"B arn Burning,† a struggle is displayed by Sarty Snopes between his want to do right and his want to honor his father. The reader gets theRead MoreBarn Burning By William Faulkner1357 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Award winning short story, â€Å"Barn Burning† was written in 1938 and published by Harper’s in 1939 (â€Å"William,† par. 12). In many ways the story is a product of â€Å"both a turbulent time in America’s history and Faulkner’s personal history† (Parker 101). America was emerging from the Great Depression just in time to see World War II looming on the horizon while Faulkner was struggling with â€Å"finances, a drinking problem, and a new mistress† (Parker 102). In â€Å"Barn Burning† Faulkner makes extensive useRead MoreBarn Burning by William Faulkner682 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s Barn Burning, Abner Snopes is a main character and father of Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty), who is also a main character. Abner is a very poor looking man, unclean and unshaven. He always seems to wear the same thing, a dirty wh ite button up shirt with a dirty black hat and coat. Snopes is a very terrifying figure, often controlling his family with physical and psychological violence as well as making them contribute to his favorite pastime, burning barns. The Snopes family